The Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), first enacted in 1980, authorizes the award of attorney fees and other expenses to certain individuals, small businesses, and other entities who prevail against the federal government in judicial proceedings and certain adversarial agency adjudicative proceedings, when the position of the government is not substantially justified.[1] The stated purpose of EAJA is to, among other things, “diminish the deterrent effect of seeking review of, or defending against, governmental action by providing” the award of certain costs and fees against the United States.[2]
In the case of agency adjudications, agencies must establish “uniform procedures for the submission and consideration of applications for an award of fees and other expenses” “[a]fter consultation with the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States.”[3] To carry out this statutory charge, the Conference’s Chairman issued model rules in 1981 to help agencies establish uniform procedures for the submission and consideration of EAJA applications.[4] Adoption of these model rules was intended to facilitate consultation between agencies and the Chairman of the Conference as required by 5 U.S.C. § 504.[5] In 1986, the Chairman revised the 1981 model rules following the amendment and reauthorization of EAJA.[6] Numerous agencies adopted the 1981 and 1986 model rules, including the Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the National Labor Relations Board.[7]
In light of the amendments to EAJA made since 1986,[8] as well as evolving adjudicative practices since that time, the Conference’s Chairman decided to review and, as necessary, revise the 1986 model rules, just as he recently did in the case of the Model Adjudication Rules, which govern agency adjudication procedures generally.[9] Rather than simply revise the rules himself, the Chairman decided to put the rules before the membership of the Conference—first through an ad hoc committee of all interested members—for review so as to assure consideration of as broad a range of views as possible. The Conference considered, among other things, EAJA rules that agencies have issued since the promulgation of the 1986 model rules. Where appropriate, the Conference updated the model rules to reflect evolving practice and the latest EAJA amendments and made additional revisions to promote greater consistency and clarity. The Conference’s revised model rules appear in the appendix to this Recommendation.
Substantial changes have been made to the 1986 model rules. They include, most notably, the elimination of most of what was Subpart A. Subpart A of the 1986 model rules consisted of general provisions addressing, among other things, when EAJA applies, eligibility of applicants, proceedings covered, standards for awards, allowable fees and expenses, rulemaking on maximum rates for attorney fees, awards against other agencies, and delegations of authority. The Conference recommends the elimination of these provisions because they address the substantive standard for EAJA awards and other such matters beyond the Conference’s statutory charge identified above. Other changes to the rules, including the addition of a definitions section, have also been made to improve their clarity and comprehensibility.
RECOMMENDATION
The 1986 model rules should be replaced with the revised model rules for the implementation of EAJA that appear in the attached appendix.
[1] 5 U.S.C. § 504.
[2] Equal Access to Justice Act, Pub. L. No. 96-481, § 202(b)(1), 94 Stat. 2321, 2325 (1980) (codified as amended at 5 U.S.C. § 504 and 28 U.S.C. § 2412).
[3] 5 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1).
[4] Admin. Conf. of the U.S., Equal Access to Justice Act: Agency Implementation, 46 Fed. Reg. 32,900 (June 25, 1981).
[5] Admin. Conf. of the U.S., Implementation of the Equal Access to Justice Act: Requests for Comments on Draft Model Rules, 46 Fed. Reg. 15,895 (Mar. 10, 1981).
[6] Admin. Conf. of the U.S., Model Rules for Implementation of the Equal Access to Justice Act: Issuance of Final Revised Model Rules, 51 Fed. Reg. 16,659 (May 6, 1986).
[7] Equal Access to Justice Act Implementation Rule, 79 Fed. Reg. 7,569 (Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau Feb. 10, 2014) (codified as amended at 12 C.F.R. pt. 1071); Equal Access to Justice Rules, 54 Fed. Reg. 53,050 (Sec. Exch. Comm’n Dec. 27, 1989) (codified as amended at 17 C.F.R. pt. 200-01); Procedural Rules Implementing Equal Access to Justice Act, 51 Fed. Reg. 36,223 (Nat’l Labor Relations Bd. Oct. 9, 1986) (codified as amended at 29 C.F.R. pt. 102); Procedural Rules Amendments, 51 Fed. Reg. 17,732 (Nat’l Labor Relations Bd. May 15, 1986); Procedural Rules; Miscellaneous Revisions and Corrections, 50 Fed. Reg. 53,302 (Fed. Trade Comm’n Dec. 31, 1985) (codified as amended at 16 C.F.R. pt. 0-5); Equal Access to Justice Rules, 47 Fed. Reg. 609 (Sec. Exch. Comm’n Jan. 6, 1982); Rules Governing Recovery of Awards Under Equal Access to Justice Act, 46 Fed. Reg. 48,910 (Fed. Trade Comm’n Oct. 5, 1981).
[8] Act of Jan. 4, 2011, Pub. L. No. 111-350, § 5, 124 Stat. 3677, 3841; Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, 104 Pub. L. No. 121, § 231, 110 Stat. 847, 862; Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, 103 Pub. L. No. 141, § 4, 107 Stat. 1488, 1489; Education and Savings Act of 1988, Pub. L. No. 100-647, § 6239, 102 Stat. 3342, 3746.
[9] Admin. Conf. of the U.S., Model Adjudication Rules, 83 Fed. Reg. 49,530 (Oct. 2, 2018).
APPENDIX
The Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), first enacted in 1980, authorizes the award of attorney fees and other expenses to eligible parties who prevail against the federal government in judicial proceedings and certain adversarial agency adjudicative proceedings, where the position of the government is not substantially justified.[1] In the case of agency adjudications, agencies must establish “uniform procedures for the submission and consideration of applications for an award of fees and other expenses” “[a]fter consultation with the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States.”[2] In furtherance of this statutory obligation, the Conference Chairman in 1981 issued a set of model rules for agencies to use when adopting rules for the consideration of applications for EAJA awards in agency adjudications.[3] The Conference Chairman issued a revised set of rules in 1986.[4] Many agencies have since promulgated EAJA rules that are substantially based upon these model rules.[5]
The Conference Chairman is issuing these rules to replace the 1981 and 1986 rules. They include revisions made to reflect changes in practice in the intervening thirty years and to promote greater accuracy and clarity. These rules are the same as the rules accompanying Conference Recommendation 2019-4, adopted by the Assembly of the Conference. Agencies are encouraged to use these model rules when drafting or revising their EAJA rules pertaining to adjudications to promote the uniformity of procedure contemplated by EAJA.
REVISED MODEL RULES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EQUAL ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT
Subpart A — Scope of These Rules
§ 315.101 Scope of these rules.
Subpart B — Definitions
§ 315.201 Definitions.
Subpart C — EAJA Applications
§ 315.301 Application requirements.
§ 315.302 Net worth exhibit.
§ 315.303 Documentation of fees and expenses.
Subpart D — Procedures for Considering Applications
§ 315.401 Filing and service of documents.
§ 315.402 Answer to application.
§ 315.403 Reply.
§ 315.404 Settlement.
§ 315.405 Further proceedings.
§ 315.406 Decision.
§ 315.407 Agency review.
§ 315.408 Judicial review.
§ 315.409 Stay of decision concerning award.
§ 315.410 Payment of award.
Subpart A — Scope of These Rules
§ 315.101 Scope of these rules.
The Equal Access to Justice Act, 5 U.S.C. § 504 (called “EAJA” in this part), provides for the award of attorney fees and other expenses to eligible individuals and entities who are parties to certain administrative proceedings (called “adversary adjudications”) before this agency. An eligible party may receive an award when it prevails over an agency, unless the agency’s position was substantially justified or special circumstances make an award unjust. Alternatively, an eligible party, even if not a prevailing party, may receive an award under 5 U.S.C. § 504(a)(4) when it successfully defends against an excessive demand made by an agency.
Subpart B — Definitions
§ 315.201 Definitions.
For the purposes of these rules:
(a) Adjudicative officer means the official, whether the official is designated as an administrative law judge or otherwise, who presided over the hearing at the adversary adjudication or the official who presides over an EAJA proceeding.
(b) Adversary adjudication means (i) an adjudication under 5 U.S.C. § 554 in which the position of the United States is represented by counsel or otherwise, but excludes an adjudication for the purpose of establishing or fixing a rate or for the purpose of granting or renewing a license, (ii) any appeal of a decision made pursuant to 41 U.S.C. § 7103 before an agency board of contract appeals as provided in 41 U.S.C. § 7105, (iii) any hearing conducted under 31 U.S.C. § 3801 et seq., and (iv) the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993.[6]
(c) Demand means the express demand of the agency which led to the adversary adjudication, but does not include a recitation by the agency of the maximum statutory penalty (i) in the administrative complaint, or (ii) elsewhere when accompanied by an express demand for a lesser amount.
(d) Excessive demand means a demand by an agency, in an adversary adjudication arising from an agency action to enforce a party’s compliance with a statutory requirement, that is substantially in excess of the decision of the adjudicative officer and is unreasonable when compared with such decision, under the facts and circumstances of the case.
(e) Final disposition means the date on which a decision or order disposing of the merits of the proceeding or any other complete resolution of the proceeding, such as a settlement or voluntary dismissal, become final and unappealable, both within the agency and to the courts.
(f) Party means a party, as defined in 5 U.S.C. § 551(3), who is (i) an individual whose net worth did not exceed $2,000,000 at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated, or (ii) any owner of an unincorporated business, or any partnership, corporation, association, unit of local government, or organization, the net worth of which did not exceed $7,000,000 at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated, and which had not more than 500 employees at the time the adversary adjudication was initiated; except that an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code, or a cooperative association as defined in section 15(a) of the Agricultural Marketing Act, may be a party regardless of the net worth of such organization or cooperative association. For purposes of 5 U.S.C. § 504(a)(4), “party” also includes a small entity as defined in 5 U.S.C. § 601.
(g) Position of the agency means, in addition to the position taken by the agency in the adversary adjudication, the action or failure to act by the agency upon which the adversary adjudication is based, except that fees and other expenses may not be awarded to a party for any portion of the adversary adjudication in which the party has unreasonably protracted the proceedings.
Subpart C — EAJA Applications
§ 315.301 Application requirements.
(a) A party seeking an award under EAJA shall file an application with the agency that conducted the adversarial adjudication within 30 days after the agency’s final disposition of the adversary adjudication.
(b) The application shall identify the applicant and the proceeding for which an award is sought. The application shall show that the applicant has prevailed and identify the position of the agency or agencies that the applicant alleges was not substantially justified; or, if the applicant has not prevailed, shall show that the agency’s demand was substantially in excess of the decision of the adjudicative officer and was unreasonable when compared with that decision under the facts and circumstances of that case. The application shall also identify the agency position(s) in the proceeding that the applicant alleges was (were) not substantially justified or the agency’s demand that is alleged to be excessive and unreasonable. Unless the applicant is an individual, the application shall also state the number of employees of the applicant and describe briefly the type and purpose of its organization or business.
(c) The application shall also show that the applicant meets the definition of “party” in 5 U.S.C. § 504(b)(1)(B), including adequate documentation of its net worth, as set forth in section 315.302.
(d) The application shall state the amount of fees and expenses for which an award is sought, subject to the requirements and limitations as set forth in 5 U.S.C. § 504(b)(1)(A), with adequate documentation as set forth in section 315.303.
(e) The application shall be signed by the applicant or an authorized officer or attorney of the applicant. It shall also contain or be accompanied by a written verification under penalty of perjury that the information provided in the application is true and correct.
§ 315.302 Net worth exhibit.
(a) Each applicant except a qualified tax-exempt organization, cooperative association, or, in the case of an application for an award related to an allegedly excessive demand by the agency, a small entity as that term is defined by 5 U.S.C. § 601, shall provide with its application a detailed exhibit showing the net worth of the applicant is as represented in the statement required by section 315.301(c) when the proceeding was initiated. The exhibit may be in any form convenient to the applicant that provides full disclosure of the applicant’s assets and liabilities and is sufficient to determine whether the applicant qualifies under the standards provided in section 315.201(e). An adjudicative officer presiding over an EAJA proceeding may require an applicant to file additional information to determine its eligibility for an award.
(b) Ordinarily, the net worth exhibit will be included in the public record of the proceeding. However, an applicant that objects to public disclosure of information in any portion of the exhibit and believes there are legal grounds for withholding it from disclosure may request that the documents be filed under seal or otherwise be treated as confidential, pursuant to [insert cross-reference to appropriate agency rules governing such requests].
§ 315.303 Documentation of fees and expenses.
The application shall be accompanied by adequate documentation of the fees and other expenses incurred after initiation of the adversary adjudication, including, but not limited to, the reasonable cost of any study, analysis, engineering report, test, or project. With respect to a claim for fees and expenses involving an excessive demand by the agency, the application shall be accompanied by adequate documentation of such fees and expenses incurred after initiation of the adversary adjudication for which an award is sought attributable to the portion of the demand alleged to be excessive and unreasonable. A separate itemized statement shall be submitted for each professional firm or individual whose services are covered by the application, showing the hours spent in connection with the proceeding by each individual, a description of the specific services performed, the rate at which each fee has been computed, any expenses for which reimbursement is sought, the total amount claimed, and the total amount paid or payable by the applicant or by any other person or entity for the services provided. An adjudicative officer presiding over an EAJA proceeding may require the applicant to provide vouchers, receipts, or other substantiation for any expenses claimed.
Subpart D — Procedures for Considering Applications
§ 315.401 Filing and service of documents.
Any application for an award, or any accompanying documentation related to an application, shall be filed and served on all parties to the proceeding in the same manner as other pleadings in the proceeding, except, as provided in section 315.302(b), for confidential financial information.
§ 315.402 Answer to application.
(a) Within 30 days after service of an application, counsel representing the agency against which an award is sought may file an answer to the application. Unless agency counsel requests an extension of time for filing or files a statement of intent to negotiate under paragraph (b) of this section, failure to file an answer within the 30-day period may be treated as a consent to the award requested.
(b) If agency counsel and the applicant believe that the issues in the fee application can be settled, they may jointly file a statement of their intent to negotiate a settlement. The filing of this statement shall extend the time for filing an answer for an additional 30 days, and further extensions may be granted by the adjudicative officer presiding over an EAJA proceeding upon request by agency counsel and the applicant.
(c) The answer shall explain in detail any objections to the award requested and identify the facts relied upon in support of agency counsel’s position. If the answer is based on any alleged facts not already in the record of the proceeding, agency counsel shall include with the answer either supporting affidavits or a request for further proceedings under section 315.405.
§ 315.403 Reply.
Within 15 days after service of an answer, the applicant may file a reply. If the reply is based on any alleged facts not already in the record of the proceeding, the applicant shall include with the reply either supporting affidavits or a request for further proceedings under section 315.405.
§ 315.404 Settlement.
The applicant and agency counsel may agree on a proposed settlement of the award before final action on the application, either in connection with a settlement of the underlying adversary adjudication, or after the adversary adjudication has been concluded, in accordance with the agency’s standard settlement procedure. If a prevailing party and agency counsel agree on a proposed settlement of an award before an application has been filed, the application shall be filed with the proposed settlement. If a proposed settlement of an underlying proceeding provides that each side shall bear its own expenses and the settlement is accepted, no application may be filed.
§ 315.405 Further proceedings.
(a) Ordinarily, the determination of an award will be made on the basis of the written record. However, on request of either the applicant or agency counsel, or on his or her own initiative, the adjudicative officer presiding over an EAJA proceeding may, if necessary for a full and fair decision on the application, order the filing of additional written submissions; hold oral argument; or allow for discovery or hold an evidentiary hearing, but only as to issues other than whether the agency’s position was substantially justified (such as those involving the applicant’s eligibility or substantiation of fees and expenses). Any written submissions shall be made, oral argument held, discovery conducted, and evidentiary hearing held as promptly as possible so as not to delay a decision on the application for fees. Whether or not the position of the agency was substantially justified shall be determined on the basis of the administrative record, as a whole, which is made in the adversary adjudication for which fees and other expenses are sought.
(b) A request for further proceedings under this section shall specifically identify the information sought or the disputed issues and shall explain why the additional proceedings are necessary to resolve the issues.
§ 315.406 Decision.
The adjudicative officer presiding over an EAJA proceeding shall issue an [initial or recommended][7] decision on the application within [60 days] after the time for filing a reply, or when further proceedings are held, within [60 days] after completion of such proceedings.
(a) For an application involving a prevailing party. The decision on the application shall include written findings and conclusions on the applicant’s eligibility and status as a prevailing party and an explanation of the reasons for any difference between the amount requested and the amount awarded. The decision shall also include, if applicable, findings on whether the agency’s position was substantially justified, whether the applicant unduly protracted the proceedings, or whether special circumstances make an award unjust.
(b) For an application involving an allegedly excessive agency demand. The decision on the application shall include written findings and conclusions on the applicant’s eligibility and an explanation of the reasons why the agency’s demand was or was not determined to be substantially in excess of the underlying decision of the adjudicative officer and was or was not unreasonable when compared with that decision. That determination shall be based upon all the facts and circumstances of the case. The decision on the application shall also include, if at issue, findings on whether the applicant has committed a willful violation of law or otherwise acted in bad faith, or whether special circumstances make an award unjust.
(c) Awards. An adjudicative officer presiding over an EAJA proceeding may reduce the amount to be awarded, or deny any award, to the extent that the party during the course of the proceedings engaged in conduct which unduly and unreasonably protracted the final resolution of the matter in controversy.
§ 315.407 Agency review.
Either the applicant or agency counsel may seek review of the decision of the adjudicative officer on the fee application, or the agency may decide to review the decision on its own initiative, in accordance with [insert cross-reference to agency’s regular review procedures].
§ 315.408 Judicial review.
Judicial review of final agency decisions on awards may be sought as provided in 5 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2).
§ 315.409 Stay of decision concerning award.
Any proceedings on an application for fees under these rules shall be automatically stayed until the agency’s final disposition of the decision on which the application is based and either the time period for seeking judicial review expires, or if review has been sought, until final disposition is made by a court and no further judicial review is available.
§ 315.410 Payment of award.
An applicant seeking payment of an award shall submit to the [comptroller or other disbursing official] of the paying agency a copy of the agency’s final decision granting the award, accompanied by a certification that the applicant will not seek review of the decision in the United States courts. [Include here address for submissions at specific agency.] The agency will pay the amount awarded to the applicant within [60 days].
[1] 5 U.S.C. § 504; 28 U.S.C. § 2412.
[2] 5 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1).
[3] Admin. Conf. of the U.S., Equal Access to Justice Act: Agency Implementation, 46 Fed. Reg. 32,900 (June 25, 1981).
[4] Admin. Conf. of the U.S., Model Rules for Implementation of the Equal Access to Justice Act, 51 Fed. Reg. 16,659 (May 6, 1986) (previously codified at 1 C.F.R pt. 315).
[5] Equal Access to Justice Act Implementation Rule, 79 Fed. Reg. 7,569 (Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau Feb. 10, 2014) (codified as amended at 12 C.F.R. pt. 1071); Equal Access to Justice Rules, 54 Fed. Reg. 53,050 (Sec. Exch. Comm’n Dec. 27, 1989) (codified as amended at 17 C.F.R. pt. 200-01); Procedural Rules Implementing Equal Access to Justice Act, 51 Fed. Reg. 36,223 (Nat’l Labor Relations Bd. Oct. 9, 1986) (codified as amended at 29 C.F.R. pt. 102); Procedural Rules; Miscellaneous Revisions and Corrections, 50 Fed. Reg. 53,302 (Fed. Trade Comm’n Dec. 31, 1985) (codified as amended at 16 C.F.R. pt. 0-5).
[6] The language that appears under subsection 315.201(b)(iv) was drawn directly from the Equal Access to Justice Act. 5 U.S.C. § 504. The statute does not identify what adjudications involving the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 are covered.
[7] Brackets such as these indicate that an agency is to use its discretion to determine what language or time frame is most appropriate.